3/24/2023 0 Comments Chip mccaw parks and rec![]() ![]() This review focuses on satellite cells and their niche in mammalian models, paying limited attention to the studies of satellite cell biology in other model organisms. We further review the links between malfunction of satellite cells and their niche factors during aging. ![]() Next, we focus on the satellite cell niche with emphasis on the regulatory mechanisms associated with each niche component. We also discuss the contribution of several nonsatellite cell populations in muscle regeneration and their lineage relationships with satellite cells. We then provide an integrated view of the roles played by satellite cells during muscle regeneration and normal postnatal muscle growth. We first describe the current understanding of satellite cells with respect to their characteristics, heterogeneity, and embryonic origin. Here, we concentrate on the functions of satellite cells and the regulation of their niche during the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. These strategies serve to alleviate the physiological and pathological conditions associated with poor muscle regeneration observed in sarcopenia and muscular dystrophy. These studies have contributed to the development of therapeutic strategies. In particular, extensive research on satellite cells and their niche has elucidated many cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie skeletal muscle regeneration. During the last half century, advances in molecular biology, cell biology, and genetics has greatly improved our understanding of skeletal muscle regeneration. This regeneration process greatly relies on the dynamic interplay between satellite cells and their environment (stem cell niche). This results in the reformation of innervated, vascularized contractile muscle apparatuses. ![]() Responding to injury, skeletal muscle undergoes a highly orchestrated degeneration and regenerative process that takes place at the tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. However, skeletal muscle has a remarkable ability to regenerate after injury. Adult mammalian skeletal muscle is stable under normal conditions, with only sporadic fusion of satellite cells to compensate for muscle turnover caused by daily wear and tear. In neonatal/juvenile stages, the number of myofibers remains constant, but each myofiber grows in size by fusion of satellite cells, a population of postnatal muscle stem cells. During development, myofibers are formed by fusion of mesoderm progenitors called myoblasts. ![]() Skeletal muscle is composed of multinucleated contractile muscle cells (also called myofibers). Skeletal muscle is a form of striated muscle tissue, accounting for ∼40% of adult human body weight. INTRODUCTION: SATELLITE CELLS AS ADULT STEM CELLS IN MUSCLE Here, we review some recent advances, with focuses on functions of satellite cells and their niche during the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. For the last half century, the advance of molecular biology, cell biology, and genetics has greatly improved our understanding of skeletal muscle biology. The complex behavior of satellite cells during skeletal muscle regeneration is tightly regulated through the dynamic interplay between intrinsic factors within satellite cells and extrinsic factors constituting the muscle stem cell niche/microenvironment. The self-renewing proliferation of satellite cells not only maintains the stem cell population but also provides numerous myogenic cells, which proliferate, differentiate, fuse, and lead to new myofiber formation and reconstitution of a functional contractile apparatus. As skeletal muscle stem cells, satellite cells play an indispensible role in this process. Skeletal muscle regeneration is a highly orchestrated process involving the activation of various cellular and molecular responses. Adult skeletal muscle in mammals is a stable tissue under normal circumstances but has remarkable ability to repair after injury. ![]()
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